Sunday, February 24, 2013

Cleotha Staples of Staple Singers Dead at 78

Albert Ferreira/ AP File

Cleotha Staples of The Staples Singers, pictured at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony in 1999. The group sang songs such as "Respect Yourself. Cleotha died Feb. 19, 2012.

By Rolling Stone

Cleotha Staples, a founding member of the beloved Chicago soul group the Staple Singers, died Wednesday after a long battle with Alzheimer's, her sister Mavis Staples' rep has confirmed to Rolling Stone. She?was 78.?

Staples had suffered from the disease for 12 years, and recently had been under 24-hour home care. Mavis Staples told? the? Chicago Tribune? that Cleotha's longtime caretaker was with her when she died Wednesday morning in her high-rise condominium on the South Side of Chicago.

500 Greatest Songs of All Time: The Staple Singers, 'I'll Take You There'

Belting the distinctive soprano parts on the Staple Singers soaring harmonies, Cleotha was a crucial part of the group's success on hits such as?"I'll Take You There," "Respect Yourself" and "Uncloudy Day."?

Cleotha, the oldest child of? Roebuck "Pops" and Osceola Staples, began learning to sing in the late Forties when Pops taught her and her siblings? ? Mavis, Pervis and Yvonne ? ?the songs he had sung as a child with his family at Dockery Farm plantation in Mississippi. Soon the Staple Singers were performing at churches throughout the South Side, and by 1953 they were cutting records and playing shows outside of Chicago.?

The group scored their first nationwide gospel hit, "Uncloudy Day," in 1957, and saw continued success during the late Sixties and early Seventies with tracks produced by Stax Records' Al Bell.?

"I credit Pops' guitar and Cleedy?s voice with making our sound so different," Mavis Staples said, referring to her sister by a nickname. "Her high voice ? Pops would take her to a minor key a lot. A lot of singers would try to sing like her. Gladys Knight?s background singer [in the Pips], William [Guest], would tell Cleedy, 'I'm trying to sound like you.' Her voice would just ring in your ear. It wasn't harsh or hitting you hard, it was soothing. She gave us that country sound. The way we sang was the way Pops and his brothers and sisters would sing down in Mississippi. Those were the voices they would use to sing after dinner out on the gallery."

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Source: http://todayentertainment.today.com/_news/2013/02/22/17059285-cleotha-staples-of-staple-singers-dead-at-78?lite

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Oscar Eats: Florida Orange Bouillabaisse

Florida () is a state in the southeastern region of the United States, bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 4th most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state capital is Tallahassee, its largest city is Jacksonville, and the Miami metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in the southeastern United States.

Much of Florida is a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Its geography is notable for a coastline, omnipresent water and the threat of hurricanes. Florida has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, encompassing approximately , and is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. Some of its most iconic animals, such as the American alligator, crocodile, Florida panther and the manatee, can be found in the Everglades, one of the most famous national parks in the world.

Since the first European contact was made in 1513 by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Le?n ? who named it La Florida ( "Flowery Land") upon landing there during the Easter season, Pascua Florida ? Florida was a challenge for the European colonial powers before it gained statehood in the United States in 1845. It was a principal location of the Seminole Wars against the Indians, and racial segregation after the American Civil War. Today, it is distinguished by its large Hispanic community, and high population growth, as well as its increasing environmental concerns. Its economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also known for its amusement parks, the production of oranges, and the Kennedy Space Center.

Florida culture is a reflection of influences and multiple inheritance; Native American, European American, Hispanic and African American heritages can be found in the architecture and cuisine. Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, and water sports.

History

Archaeological research indicates that Florida was first inhabited by Paleo-Indians, the first human inhabitants of the Americas, perhaps as early as 14 thousand years ago. The region was continuously inhabited through the Archaic period (to about 2000?BC). After about 500?BC the previously relatively uniform Archaic culture began to coalesce into distinctive local cultures. By the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee (of the Florida Panhandle), the Timucua (of northern and central Florida), the Ais (of the central Atlantic coast), the Tocobaga (of the Tampa Bay area), the Calusa (of southwest Florida) and the Tequesta (of the southeastern coast).

Florida was the first part of what is now the continental United States to be visited by Europeans. The earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de Le?n. According to the "500TH Florida Discovery Council Round Table", on March 3, 1513, Ponce de Leon, organized and equipped three ships which commenced an expedition (with a Crew of 200-including Women and Free Blacks) departing from "Punta Aguada" Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico was the historic 1st gateway to the discovery of Florida which opened the doors to the advanced settlement of the USA. They introduced Christianity, Cattle, Horses, Sheep, the Spanish language and more to the land (Florida) that later became the United States of America, 107 years before the Pilgrims landed. Ponce de Le?n spotted the peninsula on April 2, 1513. According to his chroniclers, Ponce de Le?n named the region La Florida ("flowery land") because it was then the Easter Season, known in Spanish as Pascua Florida (roughly "Flowery Easter"), and because the vegetation was in bloom. From 1513 onward, the land became known as "La Florida", although after 1630 and throughout the 18th century, Tegesta (after the Tequesta tribe) was an alternate name of choice for the Florida peninsula following publication of a map by the Dutch cartographer Hessel Gerritsz in Joannes de Laet's History of the New World. Between 900 and 1,500 Seminole Indian warriors employed guerrilla tactics against United States Army troops for seven years until 1842. The U.S. government is estimated to have spent between $20 million and $40 million on the war, at the time an astronomical sum.

On March 3, 1845, Florida became the 27th state of the United States of America, although initially its population grew slowly. White settlers continued to encroach on lands used by the Seminoles, and the United States government resolved to make another effort to move the remaining Seminoles to the West. The Third Seminole War lasted from 1855 to 1858, and resulted in the removal of most of the remaining Seminoles. Even after three bloody wars, the U.S. Army failed to force all of the Seminole Indians in Florida to the West. Though most of the Seminoles were forcibly exiled to Creek lands west of the Mississippi, hundreds, including Seminole leader Aripeka (Sam Jones), remained in the Everglades and refused to leave the native homeland of their ancestors. Their descendants remain there to this day.

White settlers began to establish cotton plantations in Florida, which required numerous laborers. By 1860 Florida had only 140,424 people, of whom 44% were enslaved. There were fewer than 1000 free African Americans before the Civil War.

On January 10, 1861, before the start of the American Civil War, Florida declared its secession from the Union; ten days later, the state became a founding member of the Confederate States of America. The war ended in 1865. On June 25, 1868, Florida's congressional representation was restored. After Reconstruction, white Democrats succeeded in regaining power in the state legislature. In 1885 they created a new constitution, followed by statutes through 1889 that effectively disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites over the next several years. Provisions included poll taxes, literacy tests, and residency requirements. Disfranchisement for most African Americans in the state persisted until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s gained federal legislation to protect their suffrage.

Until the mid-20th century, Florida was the least populous Southern state. In 1900 its population was only 528,542, of whom nearly 44% were African American. The boll weevil devastated cotton crops, and early 20th century lynchings and racial violence caused a record number of African Americans to leave the state in the Great Migration to northern and midwestern industrial cities. Forty thousand blacks, roughly one-fifth of their 1900 population, left for better opportunities. Economic prosperity in the 1920s stimulated tourism to Florida. Combined with its sudden elevation in profile was the Florida land boom of the 1920s, which brought a brief period of intense land development. Devastating hurricanes in 1926 and 1928, followed by the stock market crash and Great Depression, brought that period to a halt.

Florida's economy did not fully recover until the buildup for World War II. The climate, tempered by the growing availability of air conditioning, and low cost of living made the state a haven. Migration from the Rust Belt and the Northeast sharply increased the population after the war. In recent decades, more migrants have come for the jobs in a developing economy. With a population of more than 18 million according to the 2010 census, Florida is the most populous state in the Southeastern United States, the second most populous state in the South behind Texas, and the fourth most populous in the United States.

Geography

Much of the state of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle, extending along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by the states of Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is near several Caribbean countries, particularly The Bahamas and Cuba. Florida is one of the largest states east of the Mississippi River, and only Alaska and Michigan are larger in water area.

At 345?feet (105?m) above mean sea level, Britton Hill is the highest point in Florida and the lowest highpoint of any U.S. state. Much of the state south of Orlando is low-lying and fairly level; however, some places, such as Clearwater, feature vistas that rise 50 to 100?feet (1530?m) above the water. Much of Central and North Florida, typically 25?miles (40?km) or more away from the coastline, features rolling hills with elevations ranging from 100 to 250?feet (3076?m). The highest point in peninsular Florida (east and south of the Suwanee River), Sugarloaf Mountain, is a peak in Lake County.

Boundaries

The state line begins in the Atlantic Ocean, traveling west, south, and north up the thalweg of the Saint Mary's River. At the origin of that river, it then follows a straight line nearly due west and slightly north, to the point where the confluence of the Flint River (from Georgia) and the Chattahoochee River (down the Alabama/Georgia line) used to form Florida's Apalachicola River. (Since Woodruff Dam was built, this point has been under Lake Seminole.) The border with Georgia continues north through the lake for a short distance up the former thalweg of the Chattahoochee, then with Alabama runs due west along latitude 31?N to the Perdido River, then south along its thalweg to the Gulf via Perdido Bay. The water boundary is offshore in the Atlantic Ocean and offshore in the Gulf of Mexico. Much of the state is at or near sea level.

Climate

The climate of Florida is tempered somewhat by the fact that no part of the state is very distant from the ocean. North of Lake Okeechobee, the prevalent climate is humid subtropical (K?ppen: Cfa), while coastal areas south of the lake (including the Florida Keys) have a true tropical climate (K?ppen: Aw). Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s Fahrenheit (32?34??C). Mean low temperatures for early to mid January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit (4?7??C) in northern Florida to the mid-50s (?13??C) in southern Florida. With an average daily temperature of , it is the warmest state in the country.

In the summer, high temperatures in the state seldom exceed 100 ?F (38 ?C). Several record cold maxima have been in the 30s ?F (?1 to 4??C) and record lows have been in the 10s (?12 to ?7??C). These temperatures normally extend at most a few days at a time in the northern and central parts of Florida. Southern Florida, however, rarely encounters freezing temperatures.

The hottest temperature ever recorded in Florida was , which was set on June 29, 1931 in Monticello. The coldest temperature was , on February 13, 1899, just away, in Tallahassee.

Due to the tropical climate Florida rarely receives snow. However, on very rare occasions, a combination of cold moisture and freezing temperatures can result in snowfall. Frost is more common than snow, occurring several times during the winter months.

The USDA Plant hardiness zones for the state range from zone 8a (no colder than ) in the inland western panhandle to zone 11 (no colder than ) in the lower Florida Keys.

Florida's nickname is the "Sunshine State", but severe weather is a common occurrence in the state. Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States, as it experiences more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the country. Florida has the highest average precipitation of any state, in large part because afternoon thunderstorms are common in most of the state from late spring until early autumn. A narrow eastern part of the state including Orlando and Jacksonville receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually. The rest of the state, including Miami, receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually.

Florida leads the United States in tornadoes per area (when including waterspouts) but they do not typically reach the intensity of those in the Midwest and Great Plains. Hail often accompanies the most severe thunderstorms.

Hurricanes pose a severe threat during hurricane season, which lasts from June 1 to November 30, although some storms have been known to form out of season. Florida is the most hurricane-prone state, with subtropical or tropical water on a lengthy coastline. From 1851 to 2006, Florida has been struck by 114 hurricanes, 37 of them major?category 3 and above. It is rare for a hurricane season to pass without any impact in the state by at least a tropical storm. For storms, category 4 or higher, 83% have either hit Florida or Texas. August to October is the most likely period for a hurricane in Florida.

In 2004, Florida was hit by a record four hurricanes. Hurricanes Charley (August 13), Frances (September 4?5), Ivan (September 16), and Jeanne (September 25?26) cumulatively cost the state's economy $42 billion. Additionally, the four storms caused an estimated $45 billion in damage. In 2005, Hurricane Dennis (July 10) became the fifth storm to strike Florida within eleven months. Later, Hurricane Katrina (August 25) passed through South Florida and Hurricane Rita (September 20) swept through the Florida Keys. Hurricane Wilma (October 24) made landfall near Cape Romano, just south of Marco Island, finishing another very active hurricane season. Wilma is the second most expensive hurricane in Florida history, due in part to a five year window in which to file claims.

Florida was the site of the second costliest weather disaster in U.S. history, Hurricane Andrew, which caused more than $25 billion in damage when it struck on August 24, 1992. In a long list of other infamous hurricane strikes are the 1926 Miami hurricane, the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane, the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935, Hurricane Donna in 1960, and Hurricane Opal in 1995. Recent research suggests the number of storms are part of a natural cycle which rises in some years, falls in others.

City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
65/42 68/45 74/50 79/55 86/63 90/70 92/73 91/73 87/69 80/61 74/51 67/44
75/65 76/66 79/69 82/72 85/76 88/78 89/80 90/80 88/78 85/76 80/71 76/67
72/51 73/53 77/57 81/61 85/67 88/71 90/73 90/73 88/72 83/67 78/60 73/53
76/60 78/62 80/65 83/68 87/73 89/76 91/77 91/77 89/76 86/73 82/68 78/63
71/49 74/52 78/56 83/60 88/66 91/72 92/74 92/74 90/73 85/66 78/59 73/52
61/43 64/46 70/51 76/58 84/66 89/72 90/74 90/74 87/70 80/60 70/50 63/45
64/39 68/42 74/47 80/52 87/62 91/70 92/72 92/72 89/68 82/57 73/48 66/41
70/51 73/54 77/58 81/62 88/69 90/74 90/75 91/76 89/74 85/67 78/60 72/54

Fauna

Florida is host to many types of wildlife including:
  • Marine Mammals: Bottlenose Dolphin, Short-finned Pilot Whale, North Atlantic Right Whale, West Indian Manatee
  • Mammals: Florida panther, Northern River Otter, Mink, Eastern Cottontail Rabbit, Marsh Rabbit, Raccoon, Striped Skunk, Squirrel, White-tailed deer, Key Deer, Bobcats, Gray Fox, Coyote, Wild Boar, Florida Black Bear, Nine-banded Armadillos
  • Reptiles: Eastern Diamondback and Pygmy Rattlesnakes, Gopher Tortoise, Green and Leatherback Sea Turtles, and Eastern Indigo Snake. In 2012, there were about one million American Alligators and 1,500 Crocodiles. Birds: Bald Eagle, Northern Caracara, Snail Kite, Osprey, White and Brown Pelicans, Sea Gulls, Whooping and Sandhill Cranes, Roseate Spoonbill, Florida Scrub Jay (state endemic), and others. One subspecies of Wild Turkey, Meleagris gallopavo, namely subspecies osceola, is found only in the state of Florida. The state is a wintering location for many species of eastern North American birds.
  • Invertebrates: carpenter ants, termites, American cockroach, Africanized bees, the Miami blue butterfly, and the grizzled mantis.
  • The only known calving area for the Northern Right Whale is off the coasts of Florida and Georgia.

    The native bear population has risen from a historic low of 300 in the 1970s, to 3,000 in 2011.

    Since their accidental importation from South America into North America in the 1930s, the Red imported fire ant population has increased its territorial range to include most of the Southern United States, including Florida. They are more aggressive than most native ant species and have a painful sting.

    A number of non-native snakes and lizards have been released in the wild. In 2010 the state created a hunting season for Burmese and Indian pythons, African rock pythons, green anacondas, and Nile monitor lizards. Green iguanas have also established a firm population in the southern part of the state.

    Environmental issues

    Florida is a low per capita energy user. In 2010, the state burned a record .

    Recycling

    The recycling rate in Florida is estimated at 28% in 2000. In 2008, The Energy, Climate Change, and Economic Security Act of 2008 set a goal of progressively improving recycling to reach a 75 percent rate by the year 2020.

    It directs public entities (schools, state and local public agencies) to report the amount they recycle annually to their counties. Private businesses are encouraged (but not mandated) to report the amount they recycle to their counties. Finally, the section directs DEP to create the Recycling Business Assistance Center. Under the new law, each county must implement a recyclable materials recycling program that shall have a goal of recycling recyclable solid waste by 40 percent by December 31, 2012, 50 percent by 2014, 60 percent by 2016, 70 percent by 2018, and 75 percent by 2020. The county with the highest recycling rate is Lee County with a 43% recycling rate as of 2008.

    Geology

    The Florida peninsula is a porous plateau of karst limestone sitting atop bedrock known as the Florida Platform. The emergent portion of the platform was created during the Eocene to Oligocene as the Gulf Trough filled with silts, clays, and sands. Flora and fauna began appearing during the Miocene. No land animals were present in Florida prior to the Miocene.

    The largest deposits of potash in the United States are found in Florida.

    Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents. The limestone is topped with sandy soils deposited as ancient beaches over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the last glacial period, lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna.

    Earthquakes and tsunamis

    Florida is tied for last place as having the fewest earthquakes of any U.S. state.

    In January, 1879, a shock of Mercalli intensity scale VI occurred near St. Augustine. There were reports of heavy shaking that knocked plaster from walls and articles from shelves. Similar effects were noted at Daytona Beach south. The tremor was felt as far south as Tampa and as far north as Savannah, Georgia.

    In January 1880, Cuba was the center of two strong earthquakes that sent severe shock waves through the city of Key West.

    The shock from the 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake was felt throughout northern Florida, ringing church bells at St. Augustine and severely jolting other towns along that section of Florida's east coast. Jacksonville residents felt many of the strong aftershocks that occurred in September, October, and November 1886.

    Demographics

    Population

    The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Florida was 19,317,568 on July 1, 2012, a 2.7% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The center of population of Florida is located in Polk County, in the town of Lake Wales.

    In 2010, illegal immigrants constituted an estimated 5.7% of the population. This was the sixth highest percentage of any state in the country. There were an estimated 675,000 illegal immigrants in the state in 2010.

    There were 186,102 military retirees living in the state in 2008.

    Racial makeup

    According to the 2010 U.S. Census, Florida had a population of 18,801,310. In terms of race and ethnicity, the state was:
  • 75.0% White (57.9% Non-Hispanic White alone)
  • 16.0% Black or African American
  • 0.4% American Indian and Alaska Native
  • 2.4% Asian
  • 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
  • 3.6% from Some Other Race
  • 2.5% from Two or More Races
  • Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 22.5% of the population.

    Ancestry groups

    The largest reported ancestries in the 2000 Census were German (11.8%), Irish (10.3%), English (9.2%), American (8%), Italian (6.3%), Cuban (5.2%), Puerto Rican (3.0%) French (2.8%), Polish (2.7%) and Scottish (1.8%).

    In the 2000 Census, 1,278,586 people in Florida self-identified as having "American" ancestry, most of these people are of English descent and some are of Scots-Irish descent however have families that have been in the state so long, in many cases since the colonial period, that they choose to identify simply as having "American" ancestry or do not in fact know their own ancestry. In the 1980 United States census the largest ancestry group reported in Florida was English with 2,232,514 Floridians citing that they were of English or mostly English ancestry. Their ancestry primarily goes back to the original thirteen colonies and for this reason many of them today simply claim "American" ancestry, though they are of predominately English stock. They were followed by Irish at 1,617,433.

    Before the American Civil War, when slavery was legal, and during the Reconstruction era that followed, blacks made up nearly half of the state's population. Their proportion declined over the next century, as many moved north in the Great Migration while large numbers of northern whites moved to the state. In 1970, non-Hispanic whites were nearly 80% of Florida's population. Recently, the state's proportion of black residents has begun to grow again. Today, large concentrations of black residents can be found in northern Florida (notably in Jacksonville, Gainesville, Tallahassee, and Pensacola), the Tampa Bay area, the Orlando area, especially in Orlando and Sanford.

    Florida's Hispanic population includes large communities of Cuban Americans in Miami and Tampa, Puerto Ricans in Orlando and Tampa, and Central American migrant workers in inland West-Central and South Florida. The Hispanic community continues to grow more affluent and mobile. As of 2011, 57.0% of Florida's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups.

    White Americans of all European backgrounds are present in all areas of the state. Those of English and Irish ancestry are present in large numbers in all the urban/suburban areas across the state. Native white Floridians, especially those who have descended from long-time Florida families, affectionately refer to themselves as "Florida crackers". Like whites in most of the other Southern states, they descend mainly from English and Scots-Irish settlers, as well as some other British settlers.

    Cities and metropolitan areas

    Largest cities in Florida
    ! Rank ! City ! Year of Incorporation ! Metropolitan Area ! Population(2010 census) ! Population Density(people per mi2) ! Land Area(mi2)
    1832
    Miami 1896
    1855
    1903
    1885
    1925
    1825
    1911
    1961
    1960

    The largest metropolitan area in the state as well as the entire southeastern United States is the Miami metropolitan area, with about 5.5 million people. The Tampa Bay Area, with over 2.7 million people, is the second largest; the Orlando metropolitan area, with over 2.1 million people, is the third; and the Jacksonville metropolitan area, with over 1.3 million people, is fourth.

    Florida has twenty Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Thirty-nine of Florida's sixty-seven counties are in an MSA. Reflecting the distribution of population in Florida, Metropolitan areas in the state are concentrated around the coast of the peninsula. They form a continuous band on the east coast of Florida, stretching from the Jacksonville MSA to the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach MSA, including every county on the east coast, with the exception of Monroe County. There is also a continuous band of MSAs on the west coast of the peninsula from the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater MSA to the Naples-Marco Island MSA, including all of the coastal counties from Hernando County to Collier County. The interior of the northern half of the peninsula also has several MSAs, connecting the east and west coast MSAs. A few MSAs are scattered across the Florida panhandle.

    Languages

    As of 2005, 74.54% of Florida residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a first language, while 18.65% spoke Spanish, and French Creole (almost entirely Haitian Creole) was spoken by 1.73% of the population. In all, 25.45% of Florida's population age 5 and older spoke a language other than English.

    Florida's public education system identified over 150 first languages other than English spoken in the homes of students. In 1990, the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) won a class action lawsuit against the state Florida Department of Education that required educators to be trained in teaching English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL).

    Article II, Section 9, of the Florida Constitution provides that "English is the official language of the State of Florida." This provision was adopted in 1988 by a vote following an Initiative Petition.

    Religion

    As of the year 2000, the three largest denominational groups in Florida are Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, and Mainline Protestant.

    Florida is mostly Protestant, but Roman Catholicism is the single largest denomination in the state. There is also a sizable Jewish community, located mainly in South Florida; this is the largest Jewish population in the South and the third largest in the country behind New York and California. Florida's current religious affiliations are shown in the table below:

  • Roman Catholic, 26%
  • Protestant, 48%
  • * Baptist, 9%
  • * Methodist, 6%
  • * Pentecostal, 3%
  • Jewish, 3%
  • Jehovah's Witness, 1%
  • Muslim, 1%
  • Orthodox, 1%
  • other religions, 1%
  • non-religious, 16%
  • Governance

    The basic structure, duties, function, and operations of the government of the state of Florida are defined and established by the Florida Constitution, which establishes the basic law of the state and guarantees various rights and freedoms of the people. The state government consists of three separate branches: judicial, executive, and legislative. The legislature enacts bills, which, if signed by the governor, become law.

    The Florida Legislature comprises the Florida Senate, which has 40 members, and the Florida House of Representatives, which has 120 members. The current Governor of Florida is Rick Scott. The Florida Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and six Justices.

    Florida has 67 counties. Some reference materials may show only 66 because Duval County is consolidated with the City of Jacksonville. There are 379 cities in Florida (out of 411) that report regularly to the Florida Department of Revenue, but there are other incorporated municipalities that do not. The state government's primary source of revenue is sales tax. Florida does not impose a personal income tax. The primary revenue source for cities and counties is property tax.

    Political history

    From 1885 to 1889, the State Legislature passed statutes with provisions that restricted voting by blacks and poor whites. These groups had threatened white Democratic power with a populist coalition. As blacks and poor whites were stripped from voter rolls, white Democrats consolidated power in a one-party state, as happened across the South. In 1900 African Americans comprised 44% of the state's population.

    Recent elections

    In 2000, George W. Bush won the U.S. Presidential election by a margin of 271?266 in the Electoral College. Of the 271 electoral votes for Bush, 25 were cast by electors from Florida. Reapportionment following the 2000 United States Census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives.

    Despite the Democratic advantage in registration, as of 2008, Republicans controlled the governorship and most other statewide elective offices; both houses of the state legislature; and 15 of the state's 25 seats in the House of Representatives. Florida has been listed as a swing state in Presidential elections since 1950, voting for the losing candidate once in that period of time. In the closely contested 2000 election the state played a pivotal role.

    In 2008, delegates of both the Republican Florida primary election and Democratic Florida primary election were stripped of half of their votes when the conventions met in August due to violation of both parties' national rules.

    In the 2010 elections, Republicans solidified their dominance state-wide, by winning the governor's mansion, maintaining firm majorities in both houses of the state legislature. They won four previously Democratic-held seats to create a 19?6 Republican majority delegation representing Florida in the federal House of Representatives. As a result of the 2010 United States Census, Florida will gain two House of Representative seats in 2012.

    Statutes

    All potable water resources have been controlled by the state government through five regional water authorities since 1972.

    The state repealed mandatory auto inspection in 1981.

    In 1972, the state made personal injury protection auto insurance mandatory for drivers, becoming the second in the nation to enact a no-fault insurance law. The ease of receiving payments under this law is seen as precipitating a major increase in insurance fraud. Auto insurance fraud was the highest in the nation in 2011, estimated at close to $1 billion. Fraud is particularly centered in the Miami-Dade metropolitan and Tampa areas.

    Law enforcement

    Florida was ranked the fifth most dangerous state in 2009. Ranking was based on the record of serious felonies committed in 2008. The state was the sixth highest scammed state in 2010. It ranked first in mortgage fraud in 2009.

    In 2009, 44% of highway fatalities involved alcohol. Florida is one of seven states that prohibit the open carry of handguns. This law was passed in 1987.

    Health

    There were 2.7 million Medicaid patients in Florida in 2009. The governor has proposed adding $2.6 billion to care for the expected 300,000 additional patients in 2011. This is nearly 30% of Florida's budget. Medicaid paid for 60% of all births in Florida in 2009. The state has a program for those not covered by Medicaid.

    Some people suffer from various allergies from plants at varying seasons including pollen from oak trees and juniper shrubs.

    Architecture

    While many houses and commercial buildings look similar to those elsewhere in the country, the state has appropriated some unique styles in some section of the state including Spanish revival, Florida vernacular, and Mediterranean Revival Style. Its GDP is the fourth largest economy in the United States. The major contributors to the state's gross output in 2007 were general services, financial services, trade, transportation and public utilities, manufacturing and construction respectively. In 2010?11, the state budget was $70.5 billion, having reached a high of $73.8 billion in 2006?07. Chief Executive Magazine name Florida the third "Best State for Business" in 2011.

    The economy is driven almost entirely by its nineteen metropolitan areas. In 2004, they had a combined total of 95.7% of the state's domestic product.

    Personal income

    Preliminary data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis shows that in 2011, per capita personal income was $39,563, ranking 27th in the nation.

    The state was one of the few states to not have a state minimum wage law of its own and was therefore obliged to follow federal minimum wage law. This changed in 2004, when voters passed a constitutional amendment establishing a state minimum wage and (unique among minimum wage laws) mandating that it be adjusted for inflation annually. As of January 1, 2012, the calculated Florida minimum wage for non-tipped positions is $7.67, and $4.65 for tipped positions, this is higher than the federal rate of $7.25, so the state rate controlled.

    Florida is one of the seven states that do not impose a personal income tax.

    According to a study by Experian, Florida has 4 cities in the top 25 cities in the country with the most credit card debt.

    There were 2.4 million Floridians living in poverty in 2008. 18.4% of children 18 and younger were living in poverty. Miami is the sixth poorest big city in the United States.

    The state also had the second-highest credit card delinquency rate, with 1.45% of cardholders in the state more than 90 days delinquent on one or more credit cards.

    In 2010, over 2.5 million Floridians were on food stamps, up from 1.2 million in 2007. To qualify, Floridians must make less than 133% of the federal poverty level, which would be under $29,000 for a family of four.

    Real estate

    In the early 20th century, land speculators discovered Florida, and businessmen such as Henry Plant and Henry Flagler developed railroad systems, which led people to move in, drawn by the weather and local economies. From then on, tourism boomed, fueling a cycle of development that overwhelmed a great deal of farmland.

    Because of the collective effect on the insurance industry of the hurricane claims of 2004, homeowners insurance has risen 40% to 60% and deductibles have risen.

    At the end of the third quarter in 2008, Florida had the highest mortgage delinquency rate in the country, with 7.8% of mortgages delinquent at least 60 days. A 2009 list of national housing markets that were hard hit in the real estate crash included a disproportionate number in Florida.

    Labor

    As of February 2011, the state's unemployment rate was 11.5%.

    In 2009, there were 89,706 federal workers employed within the state.

    In 2012, government was a top employer in all counties in the state. This was mainly due to the prevalence of teachers, whose school boards employ nearly 1 out of every 30 workers in the state. The military was the top employer in three counties.

    Agriculture and fishing

    Historically, Florida's economy was based upon cattle farming and agriculture (especially sugarcane, citrus, tomatoes, and strawberries).

    The second largest industry is agriculture. Citrus fruit, especially oranges, are a major part of the economy, and Florida produces the majority of citrus fruit grown in the United States. In 2006, 67% of all citrus, 74% of oranges, 58% of tangerines, and 54% of grapefruit were grown in Florida. About 95% of commercial orange production in the state is destined for processing (mostly as orange juice, the official state beverage).

    The Everglades Agricultural Area is a major center for agriculture. The environmental impact of agriculture, especially water pollution, is a major issue in Florida today.

    In 2009, fishing was a $6 billion industry, employing 60,000 jobs for sports and commercial purposes.

    Mining

    Phosphate mining, concentrated in the Bone Valley, is the state's third-largest industry. The state produces about 75% of the phosphate required by farmers in the United States and 25% of the world supply, with about 95% used for agriculture (90% for fertilizer and 5% for livestock feed supplements) and 5% used for other products.

    Government

    Since the arrival of the NASA Merritt Island launch sites on Cape Canaveral (most notably Kennedy Space Center) in 1962, Florida has developed a sizable aerospace industry.

    Another major economic engine in Florida is the United States Military. There are currently 24 military bases in the state, housing three Unified Combatant Commands; United States Central Command in Tampa, United States Southern Command in Doral, and United States Special Operations Command in Tampa. There are 109,390 U.S. military personnel currently stationed in Florida, contributing, directly and indirectly, $52 billion a year to the state's economy.

    Industry

    After the watershed events of Hurricane Andrew in 1992, the state of Florida began investing in economic development through the Office of Trade, Tourism, and Economic Development. Governor Jeb Bush realized that watershed events such as Andrew negatively impacted Florida's backbone industry of tourism severely. The office was directed to target Medical/Bio-Sciences among others. Three years later, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) announced it had chosen Florida for its' newest expansion. In 2003, TSRI announced plans to establish a major science center in Palm Beach, a facility on , which TSRI planned to occupy in 2006.

    At the same time that Scripps started operations in Florida, Tavistock Group, an investment firm that held of land immediately South East of Orlando International Airport began formulating new possibilities for its land use after the decline in tourism to the state. Tavistock decided to use part of the land to establish a Bio-Sciences cluster. In 2005, the state of Florida along with Tavistock Group and the University of Central Florida agreed that Tavistock would donate and $12.5 Million (which the state would match for a total of $25 Million) to start the UCF College of Medicine and the Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences. The UCF College of Medicine won approval from the State Board of Governors in 2006. That decision was key to attracting Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute to Central Florida. Tavistock then donated another and $17.5 Million to Sanford-Burnham which allowed Sanford-Burnham's East Coast expansion. In February and March 2007, Nemours and the The V/A(respectively) announced Lake Nona as the site of two new hospitals.

    Other prospective tenants of the Lake Nona Medical City included M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, the University of Florida research center, and Valencia Community College.

    It was determined in 2008 from a study done by Arduin, Laffer and Moore Econometrics that the Lake Nona Medical City cluster has in two years reached 80% of the Milken Numbers which were based on the commitments made by the economic development statements. The study then released new projections for the 10 year period which included 30,000 jobs created and a $7.6 Billion economic impact.

    Tourism

    Tourism makes up the largest sector of the state economy. Warm weather and hundreds of miles of beaches attract about 60 million visitors to the state every year. Florida was the top destination state in 2011. 42% of poll respondents living in the Northeast United States said they planned on visiting Florida over spring break.

    Amusement parks, especially in the Orlando area, make up a significant portion of tourism. The Walt Disney World Resort is the largest vacation resort in the world, consisting of four theme parks and more than 20 hotels in Lake Buena Vista, Florida; it, and Universal Orlando Resort, Busch Gardens, SeaWorld, and other major parks drive state tourism. Many beach towns are also popular tourist destinations, particularly in the winter months. 23.2 million tourists visited Florida beaches in 2000, spending $21.9 billion.

    The public has a right to beach access under the public trust doctrine. However, some areas have access effectively blocked by private owners for a long distance.

    Energy

    Florida ranks 45th out of 50 states in total energy consumption per capita, despite the heavy reliance on commercial and residential air conditioning. This includes coal, natural gas, petroleum, and retail electricity sales.

    Private universities

    Florida's first private university, Stetson University, was founded in 1883. The Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida is an association of 28 private, educational institutions in the state. This Association reported that their member institutions served over 121,000 students in the fall of 2006.

    Infrastructure

    Communication

    27% of Floridians exclusively own cell phones for communication; no landline. Nationally, figures vary from 13?35%, with the higher percentages an indication of lower income.

    Transportation

    Public transit

    Miami's public transportation is served by Miami-Dade Transit that runs Metrorail, a heavy rail rapid transit system, Metromover, a people mover train system in Downtown Miami, and Metrobus, Miami's bus system. Metrorail runs throughout Miami-Dade County and has two lines and 23 stations connecting to Downtown Miami's Metromover and Tri-Rail. Metromover has three lines and 21 stations throughout Downtown Miami. Outside of Miami-Dade County, public transit in the Miami metropolitan area is served by Broward County Transit and Palm Tran; intercounty commuter rail service is provided by Tri-Rail, with 18 stations including the region's three international airports.

    Orlando utilizes the LYNX bus system as well as a downtown bus service called LYMMO, and has attempted to plan a local light rail service for years. A commuter rail service ? SunRail ? has been approved by all concerning counties and is in final planning stages.

    Tampa and its surrounding area use the Hillsborough Area Regional Transit Authority system ( "HART"). In addition, downtown Tampa has continuous trolley services in the form of a heritage trolley powered by Tampa Electric Company. Pinellas County and St. Petersburg provide similar services through the Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority or "PSTA". The beaches of Pinellas County also have a continuous trolley bus. Downtown St. Petersburg has a trolley system.

    Largest public transit systems in Florida (2012, Q1)
    Rank City ! Weekday passenger ridership ! Populationserved ! % of populationon transit Modes of transit
    1 Miami 367,000 2,554,776 14.4% Tri-Rail (commuter rail), Miami Metrorail (heavy rail), Metromover (people mover) & Metrobus
    2 Fort Lauderdale 147,718 1,748,066 8.5%
    3 Orlando 93,200 2,134,411 4.4%
    4 50,500 125,326 40.3%
    5 Tampa 50,400 1,229,226 4.1% Hillsborough Area Regional Transit
    6 45,100 1,320,134 3.4% [[Tri-Rail (commuter rail) & Palm Tran (bus)
    7 42,500 916,542 4.6%
    8 41,500 821,784 5.0% [[Jacksonville Transportation Authority
    9 22,400 181,376 12.4%

    Highways

    Florida's interstates, state highways and U.S. Highways are maintained by the Florida Department of Transportation. Florida's interstate highway system contains 1,473?miles (2,371?km) of highway, and there are 9,934?miles (15,987?km) of non-interstate highway in the state, such as Florida state highways and U.S. Highways.

    In 2011, there were about 9,000 retail gas stations in the state. On an average day, Floridians consume 21 million gallons of gasoline, ranking it third in national use.

    Motorists have the 45th worst rate of car insurance in the country. 24% are uninsured. Drivers between 15 and 19 years of age averaged 364 car crashes a year per ten thousand licensed Florida drivers in 2010. Drivers 70 and older averaged 95 per 10,000 during the same time frame. A spokesperson for the non-profit Insurance Institute said that "Older drivers are more of a threat to themselves."

    State highways are numbered according to convention. The first digits of state highways are numbered with the first digit indicating what area of the state the road is in, from 1 in the north and east to 9 in the south and west. Major north-south state roads generally have one- or two-digit odd route numbers that increase from east to west, while major east-west state roads generally have one- or two-digit even route numbers that increase from north to south. Roads of secondary importance usually have three-digit route numbers. The first digit x of their route number is the same as the first digit of the road with two-digit number x0 to the immediate north. The three-digit route numbers also increase from north to south for even numbers and east to west for odd numbers.

    Following this convention, State Road 907, or Alton Rd. on Miami Beach, is farther east than State Road 997, which is Krome Ave, or the farthest west north-south road in Miami-Dade County. One notable exception to the convention is State Road 826, or the Palmetto Expressway (pictured at the right heading north) which, although even numbered, is signed north-south. State roads can have anywhere from one to four digits depending on the importance and location of the road. County roads often follow this same system.

    Prior to the construction of routes under the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, Florida began construction of a long cross-state toll road, Florida's Turnpike. The first section, from Fort Pierce south to the Golden Glades Interchange was completed in 1957. After a second section north through Orlando to Wildwood (near present-day The Villages), and a southward extension around Miami to Homestead, it was finished in 1974.

    Florida's primary interstate routes include:

  • 20px I-4, which bisects the state, connecting Tampa, Lakeland, Orlando, and Daytona Beach, connecting with I-95 in Daytona Beach and I-75 in Tampa.
  • 20px I-10, which traverses the panhandle, connecting Jacksonville, Lake City, Tallahassee and Pensacola, with junctions with I-95 in Jacksonville and I-75 in Lake City.
  • 20px I-75, which enters the state near Lake City ( west of Jacksonville) and continues southward through Gainesville, Ocala, Tampa's eastern suburbs, Bradenton, Sarasota, Fort Myers and Naples, where it crosses the "Alligator Alley" as a toll road to Fort Lauderdale before turning southward and terminating in Hialeah/Miami Lakes having junctions with I-10 in Lake City and I-4 in Tampa.
  • 20px I-95, which enters the state near Jacksonville and continues along the Atlantic Coast through Daytona Beach Melbourne/Titusville, Palm Bay, Vero Beach, Fort Pierce, Port Saint Lucie, Stuart, West Palm Beach, and Fort Lauderdale before terminating in Downtown Miami, with junctions with I-10 in Jacksonville and I-4 in Daytona Beach.
  • Intercity rail

    Florida is served by Amtrak, operating numerous lines throughout, connecting the state's largest cities to points north in the United States and Canada. The busiest Amtrak train stations in Florida in 2011 were: Sanford (259,944), Orlando (179,142), Tampa Union Station (140,785), Miami (94,556), and Jacksonville (74,733). Sanford, in Greater Orlando, is the southern terminus of the Amtrak Auto Train, which originates at Lorton, Virginia, south of Washington, D.C.. Orlando is also the eastern terminus of the Sunset Limited, which travels across the southern United States via New Orleans, Houston, and San Antonio to its western terminus of Los Angeles. Florida is served by two additional Amtrak trains (the Silver Star and the Silver Meteor), which operate between New York City and Miami. Miami Central Station, the city's new union station is under construction, and is expected to be completed in 2013.

    The Miami metropolitan area is connected by Tri-rail, a long line with 18 stations which operates on Amtrak rails.

    The Florida Department of Transportation was preparing to build a high speed rail between Tampa, Lakeland and Orlando. This was to be the first phase of the Florida High Speed Rail system. Soil work began in July 2010 and construction of the line was slated to begin in 2011, with the initial Tampa-Orlando phase completed by 2014. The second phase, would have extended the line to Miami. Governor Scott, however, refused federal funds and the project has been canceled.

    Airports

    Major international airports in Florida which processed more than 15 million passengers each in 2010 are Miami International Airport (35,698,025), Orlando International Airport (34,877,899), Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport (22,412,627) and Tampa International Airport (16,645,765).

    Secondary airports, with annual passenger traffic exceeding 5 million each in 2010, include Southwest Florida International Airport (Fort Myers) (7,514,316), Palm Beach International Airport (West Palm Beach) (5,887,723), and Jacksonville International Airport (5,601,500).

    Florida's extensive coastline made it a perceived target during World War II, so the government built airstrips throughout the state; today, approximately 400 airports are still in service. According to the National Drug Intelligence Center, Florida has 131 public airports, and more than 700 private airports, airstrips, heliports, and seaplane bases.

    Sports

    Fourteen, about half, of all Major League Baseball teams conduct spring training in the state. Throughout MLB history other teams, at one time or another, held spring training in Florida.

    Yet Florida did not have a permanent major-league-level professional sports team until the American Football League added the Miami Dolphins in 1966. The state now has three NFL teams, two MLB teams, two NBA teams, and two NHL teams.

    The state of Florida has given professional sports franchises some subsidies in the form of tax breaks since 1991.

    Three of the Arena Football League's teams are in Florida.

    Golf, tennis, and auto racing are popular. NASCAR (headquartered in Daytona Beach) begins all three of its major Series in Florida at Daytona International Speedway, and ends all three Series in November at Homestead-Miami Speedway. The PGA of America is headquartered in Palm Beach Gardens while the LPGA is headquartered in Daytona Beach.

    Minor league baseball, football, basketball, ice hockey, soccer and indoor football teams are based in Florida. Florida's universities have a number of collegiate sport teams. Florida is the traditional home for Major League Baseball spring training, with teams informally organized into the "Grapefruit League".

    Auto-racing tracks

  • Daytona International Speedway
  • Homestead-Miami Speedway
  • Sebring International Raceway
  • Streets of St. Petersburg
  • Walt Disney World Speedway
  • Palm Beach International Raceway
  • Sister states

    See also

  • Outline of Florida
  • Index of Florida-related articles
  • List of National Register of Historic Places in Florida
  • List of people from Florida
  • List of places in Florida
  • Timeline of Florida History
  • References

    External links

  • State website
  • Florida State Guide, from the Library of Congress
  • Florida Memory Project Over 300,000 photographs and documents from the State Library & Archives of Florida
  • Online collection of the Spanish Land Grants.
  • USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Florida
  • Florida Rivers and Watersheds ? Florida DEP
  • U.S. Census Bureau
  • Economic and farm demographics fact sheet from the USDA
  • Energy & Environmental Data For Florida
  • List of searchable databases produced by Florida state agencies hosted by the American Library Association Government Documents Roundtable
  • Heliconius charitonia, zebra longwing Florida state butterfly, on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
  • TerraFly Property Value and Aerial Imagery Spatio-temporal animation Real Estate Trends in Florida
  • Category:States of the United States Category:States of the Southern United States Category:States of the Confederate States of America Category:Former British colonies Category:Former Spanish colonies Category:States and territories established in 1845 Category:Peninsulas of the United States Category:Article Feedback 5 Additional Articles

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    Source: http://article.wn.com/view/2013/02/23/Oscar_Eats_Florida_Orange_Bouillabaisse/

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    The New School, Siren, and Sky Bars at BuHo | Wesleying

    destiny

    From Raechel Rosen ?15:

    Come check out all these poppin bands with sassy female singers!!!

    THE NEW SCHOOL: Wesleyan?s newest hip-hop group, a fusion of?contemporary jazz harmonies with classic backbeat grooves and fresh?phrase logics.

    SIREN: AKA The Bee Gees

    SKY BARS: Let me be your stimulation
    I could be your occupation
    Work you like a 9 to 5
    Plus put it that over time

    Date: Tonight, Feb 22
    Time: 10 p.m.-1 a.m.
    Place: Buddhist House
    Cost: Free
    FB event.

    Posted by Samira in Events, Music and tagged buddhist house, siren, sky bars, students doing music things, the new school, wesleyan bands on at 12:56 PM.

    Source: http://wesleying.org/2013/02/22/the-new-school-siren-and-sky-bars-at-buho/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-new-school-siren-and-sky-bars-at-buho

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    Wednesday, February 13, 2013

    Spice Smart Flo Mi-351 Dual SIM Android Smartphone now available for Rs. 3699

    Home ? Android, Handsets, India, News, Spice '; } } google_adnum = google_adnum + google_ads.length; document.write(s); return; } google_ad_client='pub-9307253907600475'; google_ad_channel = '1044051032'; google_ad_output = 'js'; google_max_num_ads = '1'; google_ad_type = 'text'; google_feedback = 'on'; google_skip = google_adnum; google_encoding = 'utf8'; google_language = 'en';

    Spice Smart Flo Mi-351, new Android smartphone is now available from online retailer Saholic. It has a 3.5-inch (480 x 320 pixels) capacitive touch screen display, powered by a 1 GHz processor and runs on Android 2.3 (Gingerbread), similar to the Micromax A27 Ninja that went on sale recently. It comes with a 3.2 Megapixel rear camera with LED flash and a 1.3MP front-facing camera. It also comes with?NQ Mobile security with 6 months free subscription.

    Spice Smart Flo Mi-351?specifications

    • 3.5-inch (480 x 320 pixels) capacitive touch screen display
    • 1 GHz processor
    • Dual SIM (GSM + GSM) with Dual Standby
    • Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) OS
    • 3.2 MP camera?with LED flash, 1.3MP front-facing camera
    • 3.5mm audio jack, FM Radio
    • 2G (EDGE), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, aGPS, micro USB
    • 256MB RAM, 25MB internal memory, 16GB expandable memory with microSD
    • 1400 mAh battery

    The Spice Smart Flo Mi-351?is available from online retailer Saholic for Rs. 3,699.

    Related Posts with Thumbnails

    Source: http://www.fonearena.com/blog/62268/spice-smart-flo-mi-351-dual-sim-android-smartphone-now-available-for-rs-3699.html

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    African heritage in Latin America

    Afro-descendants in Latin America have had a different experience from those in the US, experts say. Despite this, social, economic, and cultural discrimination has been historically very strong.

    By Sibylla Brodzinsky,?Correspondent / February 12, 2013

    ?Palenqueras? sell fruit and candy to cruise ship passengers who disembark in Cartagena, Colombia.

    Joaquin Sarmiento/Reuters

    Enlarge

    For tourists who roam the cobblestone streets of Colombia's colonial city of Cartagena, black women in bright dresses carrying mounds of fresh tropical fruit or coconut sweets in aluminum bowls on their heads offer a colorful vacation snapshot.

    Skip to next paragraph

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    But the smiling women represent more than a memorable picture: They are a symbol of slave resistance and the survival of African heritage in Latin America.

    These women, known as palenqueras, are from a small village called Palenque de San Basilio, about 30 miles from the walled city of Cartagena. Their ancestors fled Cartagena in the 16th century to found one of the first settlements of escaped slaves in the Americas.

    Cartagena was one of the principal ports of entry for hundreds of thousands of African slaves brought to the New World to work mainly in the gold and silver mines, but also as servants or builders. Slaves here were held in warehouses known as factor?as from where they were bought, often continuing their journey south to territory that is today Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia.

    Their arrival was just as traumatic and violent as that of slaves brought to the United States. But in the centuries since then, Afro-descendents in Latin America have had a different experience from those in the US. And their impact has perhaps been greater, says George Reid Andrews, author of "Afro-Latin America, 1800-2000."

    Africans absorbed into society

    Black slaves participated in many of the wars of liberation from Spanish colonial rule in Latin America, and racial equality and integration once independence was achieved was "part of the deal," Mr. Andrews says.

    In the post-slavery period black people in the US were separated from whites; in Latin America, Afro-descendents were absorbed into society. This, in theory at least, did not take racial ancestry into account: Mestizaje, or the mixing of races, was seen as a part of nation-building.

    "Mestizaje was celebrated on a superficial level," says Kwame Dixon, a scholar on race in Latin America at Syracuse University in New York. In some countries, such as Argentina or Mexico, the black population became so diluted it practically disappeared.

    In the Argentine capital of Buenos Aires, for example, blacks accounted for about 20 percent of the population in 1810. Today, black Argentines are nearly invisible there. Yet a 2005 genetic study by the University of Buenos Aires and Oxford University found that nearly 10 percent of people in Buenos Aires can trace their roots to Africa.

    Though officially most Latin American countries look past skin color, social, economic, and cultural discrimination is historically very strong. "In Latin America, where discrimination and inequality were not [historically] organized by the state, it's not as easy [as in the US] to see patterns of racial inequality," Andrews says.

    But they do exist. Blacks in Latin America are more likely to be poorer, less educated, have shorter lives, and have higher infant mortality rates than whites, reports the United Nations economic commission.

    And employment opportunities are limited. Black Peruvians, for example, are largely relegated to domestic jobs and have a tradition of being pallbearers at the funerals of the elite. In Latin America, few blacks hold high political office.

    "Particularly as people move up the social hierarchy, skin color becomes more consequential in Latin America," Andrews says.

    In recent decades, black consciousness movements have emerged, led in particular by groups in Brazil and Colombia, which have the largest black populations in the region.

    "What we've seen in the past 20 years in Latin America is a return to blackness," Mr. Dixon says. At a UN-sponsored conference on race and discrimination in Durban, South Africa, in 2001, Afro-descendant groups from Latin America challenged their governments to take action. Some have responded with race-specific policies, such as Brazil's Law of Social Quotas. Others have included race in broader social programs.

    A reluctance to identify as black

    But because of historical prejudices against being black, many people of mixed race are reluctant to identify themselves that way. In Colombia, official figures say close to 10 percent of the population is Afro-descendant, but some demographers say the real figure could be as high as 26 percent, depending on how the category is defined.

    Argentina's 2010 Census included a question on Afro-heritage for the first time since 1887. It revealed that 0.4 percent of the population is black. Although it is a small number, for the first time in 150 years this population has stood up to be counted.

    Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/csm/~3/5cgzum7etMc/African-heritage-in-Latin-America

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    Tuesday, February 12, 2013

    Homes wrecked, dozen hurt in Mississippi tornado

    This photo provided by Jordan Holliman shows a tornado moving through Hattiesburg, Miss., Sunday, Feb. 10, 2013. Emergency officials say an apparent tornado has caused significant damage in Hattiesburg, Miss., after passing along a main road. Major damage was reported in Hattiesburg and Petal, including on the campus of the University of Southern Mississippi. (AP Photo/Jordan Holliman)

    This photo provided by Jordan Holliman shows a tornado moving through Hattiesburg, Miss., Sunday, Feb. 10, 2013. Emergency officials say an apparent tornado has caused significant damage in Hattiesburg, Miss., after passing along a main road. Major damage was reported in Hattiesburg and Petal, including on the campus of the University of Southern Mississippi. (AP Photo/Jordan Holliman)

    Extensive damage at the University of Southern Mississippi on Hardy Street in Hattiesburg Miss., Feb 10, 2013 after a tornado passed through the city Sunday afternoon. (AP Photo/Hattiesburg American, Ryan Moore)

    Emergency personnel stage near the University of Southern Mississippi along Hardy Street in Hattiesburg Miss., Sunday, Feb 10, 2013 after a tornado passed through the city. Major damage was reported in Hattiesburg and Petal, including on the campus of the University of Southern Mississippi. (AP Photo/The Hattiesburg American, Ryan Moore)

    An overturned car lies in front of the University of Southern Mississippi campus in Hattiesburg, Miss., after a possible tornado Sunday, Feb. 10, 2013. (AP Photo/Chuck Cook)

    Two people are seen consoling one another in a shattered door way along Hardy Street in Hattiesburg Miss., Feb 10, 2013 after a tornado passed through the city Sunday afternoon, Feb. 10, 2013. Major damage was reported in Hattiesburg and Petal, including on the campus of the University of Southern Mississippi. (AP Photo/The Hattiesburg American, Ryan Moore)

    HATTIESBURG, Miss. (AP) ? Residents shaken by a tornado that mangled homes in Mississippi were waking up Monday to a day of removing trees, patching roofs and giving thanks for their survival. More than a dozen in the state were injured.

    Daylight also offered emergency management officials the chance to get a better handle on the damage that stretched across several counties. Gov. Phil Bryant planned to visit hard-hit Hattiesburg, where a twister moved along one of the city's main streets and damaged buildings at the governor's alma mater, the University of Southern Mississippi. Emergency officials said late Sunday that at least 10 people were injured in surrounding Forrest County and three were hurt to the west in Marion County, but they weren't aware of any deaths.

    It was raining at first light Monday and people began trying to salvage what they could in one damaged neighborhood. Some people walked around fallen trees, power lines, smashed cars and other debris to carry belongings away.

    Charlotte Walters, 61, and her daughter Heather Walters, 30, were moving buckets and bowls around inside their house trying to catch water pouring through holes in the roof. The women were at home along with Charlotte's husband when a relative called and said a tornado was headed their way.

    "It came through like a freight train. I always heard it sounded like a train. It sounded like Katrina," said Charlotte Waters, who lives in a neighborhood also hit by the 2005 hurricane that devastated the Gulf Coast.

    Besides holes in the roof of her one-story wood frame house, a falling tree had damaged the side and another one collapsed on her carport, denting and breaking windows in three cars there.

    "I'm blessed. At least I don't have one of those in my house," Charlotte said, pointing to a tree that had fallen onto a neighbor's house next door.

    Among those who felt lucky to be alive Sunday was 49-year-old Margie Murchison, who was visiting with a friend when her husband started screaming for them to take shelter from the approaching storm in a nearby culvert. They sprinted out of the house as debris flew around them and made it to the conduit that runs under the road. A tree crashed behind them as they made it to their hiding place.

    "For a minute there, that wind was so strong I couldn't breathe," Murchison said.

    Said Murchison's friend, 55-year-old Wayne Cassell: "If we had wasted any seconds, we wouldn't have made it."

    After the storm passed, there were trees down all around the Murchison home. She said there was part of the roof damaged and leaking. Windows were broken out and the detached garage was leaning.

    Mississippi Emergency Management Agency spokesman Greg Flynn said it appears a single tornado caused the damage in Forrest, Marion and Lamar counties. Hundreds of homes are damaged in Forrest County, along with a couple dozen in the other two.

    Flynn said the sheer scope of the damage was slowing officials' assessment.

    "The problem is, it was so strong that there's so much debris that there's a lot of areas they haven't been able to get to yet," he said.

    On campus, trees were snapped in half around the heavily damaged Alumni House where part of the roof was ripped away. Windows in a nearby building were blown out, and heavy equipment worked to clear streets nearby in a heavy rain after the worst of the weather had passed.

    The university released a statement saying no one was hurt but that it was under a state of emergency, and anyone away from campus should stay away until further notice.

    East of campus, 47-year-old Cindy Bullock was at home with her husband and dog when she heard the tornado coming. They ran to a hallway and covered their heads. It wasn't long before the windows in the kitchen and bedroom exploded. The storm stripped all the shingles off the roof and left holes in it, while knocking over a large pine tree in the yard.

    After dark, the Bullocks were trying to arrange their stuff inside so it wouldn't get wet from the dripping water.

    "I just looked out the window and I heard the rumbling. It sounded like a train. We ran to the hall, and the kitchen windows and the windows in the bedroom exploded. It happened pretty fast," she said.

    There were large trees blocking the road all through her neighborhood, and several of the houses were hit by falling trees. Her friend was staying with them after the friend's apartment took a direct hit from a falling tree.

    Forrest County Sheriff Billy McGee says 10 or 15 people were injured by the tornado that slammed Hattiesburg and other parts of the county ? but none of the injuries was serious.

    "Most of our injuries have been walking wounded," he said.

    To the west, Marion County emergency director Aaron Greer said three injuries had been reported in the community of Pickwick, about seven miles south of Columbia. Two people were taken to hospitals, but the third didn't have the injury examined, he said.

    Greer said one mobile home was destroyed, three other structures have major damage and several have minor damage.

    On Sunday night, John and Katherine Adams were cleaning up around their one-story white house where the storm punched holes in the roof, busted windows and completely destroyed the back porch. The couple was at home with their 7- and 3-year-old daughters when the tornado passed next to their house.

    All through the neighborhood, houses and vehicles were damaged by falling trees.

    "We're safe, and that's all that matters," said Katherine Adams, 46.

    John Adams, who's in the building supply business, said he was surprised to see broken boards that appeared to be from new construction in his yard because there are no homes being built nearby.

    "We've got stuff around here; I don't even know where it came from," he said.

    ___

    McConnaughey reported from New Orleans.

    Associated Press

    Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/386c25518f464186bf7a2ac026580ce7/Article_2013-02-11-Southern%20Storms/id-9371e46d68bb43b9871cfabd84364c38

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    Crew rotation and passenger connections spread flight delays

    Crew rotation and passenger connections spread flight delays [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 12-Feb-2013
    [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

    Contact: CSIC Comunicacin
    g.prensa@csic.es
    34-915-681-477
    Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)

    A study based on US Airports proposes a new methodology to assess the degree of air traffic congestion - Delays systematically proliferate in air network due to a domino effect

    This press release is available in Spanish.

    A study led by researchers of the Spanish National Research Council and the University of the Balearic Islands asserts that crew rotation and passengers connections systematically spread flight delays due to a domino effect. The work, that proposes a new methodology to assess the degree of air traffic congestion, is published on the latest issue of Scientific Reports.

    The study, based on data collected by the Federal Aviation Administration of the United States, provides a tool to evaluate airlines planning and confirms that air traffic congestion is a collective phenomenon. Researchers have already applied to patent the method.

    Vctor Martnez Eguiluz, CSIC researcher at the Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems (IFISC), a joint research Institute of CSIC and the University of the Balearic Islands, asserts: "Flight delays have a great cost for both airlines and passengers, and not only economic but also environmental. Understanding how delays propagate allows us to evaluate the different schedules and flight management protocols to mitigate the effects of delays before implementing them in reality".

    A predictive model

    Scientists have analyzed the FAA available data on each aircraft, their arrival and departure times (both actual and scheduled) over a year. By analyzing punctuality data and comparing the results with the predictions of their model, they have identified the factors that propagate flight delays. CSIC researcher explains: "This analysis allowed us to globally characterize the degree of air traffic congestion and the spread of primary delays. Subsequently, we have proposed a model of air traffic based on data".

    CSIC reseracher adds: "It has practical implications to the extent that, as a model calibrated with data, it has a predictive capability. Applications are related to the development of a tool that predicts the degree of congestion in an air traffic network, to assess a priori the robustness of an airline schedule, and the air system response under different scenarios marked, for instance, by weather phenomena".

    ###



    [ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

    ?


    AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


    Crew rotation and passenger connections spread flight delays [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 12-Feb-2013
    [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

    Contact: CSIC Comunicacin
    g.prensa@csic.es
    34-915-681-477
    Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)

    A study based on US Airports proposes a new methodology to assess the degree of air traffic congestion - Delays systematically proliferate in air network due to a domino effect

    This press release is available in Spanish.

    A study led by researchers of the Spanish National Research Council and the University of the Balearic Islands asserts that crew rotation and passengers connections systematically spread flight delays due to a domino effect. The work, that proposes a new methodology to assess the degree of air traffic congestion, is published on the latest issue of Scientific Reports.

    The study, based on data collected by the Federal Aviation Administration of the United States, provides a tool to evaluate airlines planning and confirms that air traffic congestion is a collective phenomenon. Researchers have already applied to patent the method.

    Vctor Martnez Eguiluz, CSIC researcher at the Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems (IFISC), a joint research Institute of CSIC and the University of the Balearic Islands, asserts: "Flight delays have a great cost for both airlines and passengers, and not only economic but also environmental. Understanding how delays propagate allows us to evaluate the different schedules and flight management protocols to mitigate the effects of delays before implementing them in reality".

    A predictive model

    Scientists have analyzed the FAA available data on each aircraft, their arrival and departure times (both actual and scheduled) over a year. By analyzing punctuality data and comparing the results with the predictions of their model, they have identified the factors that propagate flight delays. CSIC researcher explains: "This analysis allowed us to globally characterize the degree of air traffic congestion and the spread of primary delays. Subsequently, we have proposed a model of air traffic based on data".

    CSIC reseracher adds: "It has practical implications to the extent that, as a model calibrated with data, it has a predictive capability. Applications are related to the development of a tool that predicts the degree of congestion in an air traffic network, to assess a priori the robustness of an airline schedule, and the air system response under different scenarios marked, for instance, by weather phenomena".

    ###



    [ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

    ?


    AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


    Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-02/snrc-cra021213.php

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